Question 1

Which school of ancient Indian philosophy is considered the oldest and was founded by Sage Kapila?

Accepted Answer

Samkhya. Samkhya is regarded as one of the oldest systematic philosophies in India. It is a dualistic philosophy that divides the universe into Purusha (consciousness) and Prakriti (matter). This school serves as the theoretical foundation for the practical system of Yoga.

Question 2

The concept of 'Ashtangika Marga' or the Eightfold Path is a core teaching of which religion?

Accepted Answer

Buddhism. The Eightfold Path was taught by Gautama Buddha to end human suffering and achieve Nirvana. It includes components like Right View, Right Conduct, and Right Mindfulness. This path is the fourth of the Four Noble Truths in Buddhist doctrine.

Question 3

Which Indian philosopher is the primary proponent of the 'Advaita Vedanta' school of non-dualism?

Accepted Answer

Adi Shankara. Adi Shankara established the Advaita Vedanta school, which posits that the soul (Atman) and the supreme reality (Brahman) are identical. He consolidated the doctrine by writing commentaries on the Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita. His travels across India helped revitalize the Vedic tradition through the establishment of four mathas.

Question 4

The 'Nyaya' school of philosophy focuses primarily on which of the following aspects?

Accepted Answer

Logic and Epistemology. Founded by Sage Gautama, the Nyaya school provides a systematic framework for logic and the means of obtaining valid knowledge. It identifies four sources of knowledge: perception, inference, comparison, and testimony. This school is often paired with Vaisheshika due to their shared metaphysical outlook.

Question 5

Which major religion is associated with the 'Five Great Vows' known as Mahavratas?

Accepted Answer

Jainism. Jainism prescribes the Mahavratas for monks, which include Ahimsa (non-violence) and Satya (truth). These vows aim to purify the soul and stop the accumulation of karma. Ahimsa is considered the highest ethical virtue in this religious tradition.

Religions & Philosophy — Set 1