Ecology & Ecosystems — Set 2
Environment · पारिस्थितिकी और पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र · Questions 11–20 of 60
Organisms that can synthesize their own food using chemical energy rather than light are called?
Correct Answer: D. Chemoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs derive energy from the oxidation of inorganic substances like hydrogen sulfide or ammonia. These organisms are commonly found in extreme environments like deep-sea hydrothermal vents. They serve as primary producers in ecosystems where sunlight cannot reach.
The concept of 'Deep Ecology', emphasizing the inherent worth of all living beings, was introduced by?
Correct Answer: A. Arne Naess
Arne Naess was a Norwegian philosopher who coined the term 'Deep Ecology' in 1973. It advocates for a shift from human-centered to nature-centered views of environmental protection. This philosophy argues that humans have no right to reduce the richness of life except for vital needs.
Which ecosystem has the highest rate of net primary productivity (NPP) among the following?
Correct Answer: A. Tropical Rainforest
Tropical rainforests have optimal temperature and moisture conditions for year-round plant growth. This results in high rates of photosynthesis and biomass accumulation per unit area. They are often called the 'lungs of the world' due to their high oxygen production.
The accumulation of non-biodegradable pollutants through successive trophic levels is known as?
Correct Answer: D. Biomagnification
Biomagnification occurs when toxins like DDT or mercury increase in concentration as they move up the food chain. Predators at the top level often suffer the most severe physiological consequences. This process demonstrates the vulnerability of top consumers to environmental pollution.
Which of the following interactions is characterized by both species benefiting from the association?
Correct Answer: C. Mutualism
Mutualism is an obligate or facultative relationship where both organisms enhance each other's survival. An example is the relationship between bees and flowering plants. This interaction is a key driver of ecosystem stability and co-evolution.
Who is often considered the 'Father of Indian Ecology'?
Correct Answer: D. Ramdeo Misra
Ramdeo Misra established the foundation of ecological research and education in India. He served as the President of the International Society for Tropical Ecology for many years. His work focused on tropical plant communities and nutrient cycling.
In which type of lake ecosystem would you find high nutrient concentrations and low oxygen levels at the bottom?
Correct Answer: D. Eutrophic Lake
Eutrophic lakes are characterized by high biological productivity due to an abundance of nitrogen and phosphorus. This often leads to excessive algae growth and subsequent oxygen depletion during decomposition. Human activities like fertilizer runoff can accelerate this process.
What is the term for a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance?
Correct Answer: D. Keystone Species
Keystone species play a critical role in maintaining the structure and integrity of an ecological community. If such a species is removed, the ecosystem may undergo dramatic changes or collapse. Examples include sea otters in kelp forests or wolves in some terrestrial habitats.
The gradual and predictable change in species composition of a given area is called?
Correct Answer: A. Ecological Succession
Ecological succession begins with pioneer species colonizing a barren or disturbed area. It eventually leads to a relatively stable community known as a climax community. This process can be primary (on bare rock) or secondary (after a fire or flood).
Which of the following cycles does NOT have a gaseous phase in its natural circulation?
Correct Answer: C. Phosphorus Cycle
The phosphorus cycle is a sedimentary cycle where phosphorus moves primarily through rocks, water, and soil. Unlike nitrogen or carbon, phosphorus does not enter the atmosphere as a gas in significant amounts. It is often a limiting nutrient for plant growth in many ecosystems.